TYPES OF DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes is sometimes called insulin-dependent,
immune-mediated or juvenile-onset diabetes. It is caused by an auto-immune
reaction where the body’s defense system
attacks the insulin-producing cells. The reason why this occurs is not fully
understood. People with type 1 diabetes produce very little or no insulin. The
disease can affect people of any age, but usually occurs in children or young
adults. People with this form of diabetes need injections of insulin every day
in order to control the levels of glucose in their blood. If people with type 1
diabetes do not have access to insulin, they will die.
Type 2 diabetes accounts for at least 90% of all cases of
diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is sometimes called non-insulin dependent
diabetes or adult-onset diabetes, and accounts for at least 90% of all cases of
diabetes. It is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin
deficiency, either of which may be present at the time that diabetes becomes
clinically manifest. The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes usually occurs after the
age of 40 but can occur earlier, especially in populations with high diabetes
prevalence. Type 2 diabetes can remain undetected for many years and the
diagnosis is often made from associated complications or incidentally through
an abnormal blood or urine glucose test. It is often, but not always,
associated with obesity, which itself can cause insulin resistance and lead to
elevated blood glucose levels.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes consisting
of high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. It develops in one in 25
pregnancies worldwide and is associated with complications in the period
immediately before and after birth. GDM usually disappears after pregnancy but
women with GDM and their offspring are at an increased risk of developing type
2 diabetes later in life. Approximately half of women with a history of GDM go
on to develop type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after delivery.
Other specific types of diabetes also exist.
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